World Court Declares Climate Inaction a Violation of International Law—Nations Face Legal Duty and Potential Reparations

In a historic advisory opinion, the United Nations' top court, the International Court of Justice (ICJ), has ruled that all countries have a legal obligation to act against climate change. The court declared climate change an 'urgent and existential threat,' stating that failure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect the environment could violate international law. The opinion opens the door for countries, especially those most affected by climate change, to sue major polluters for damages and seek reparations. While the ruling is non-binding, it sets a powerful legal and moral precedent, increasing pressure on governments worldwide to strengthen their climate commitments. The decision is seen as a major victory for climate justice advocates and vulnerable nations like Vanuatu, signaling a new era of accountability for climate harm.